Observations of ducks on Macquarie Island in December 1985 and 1986 are summarised. Although the island has many wetlands, previous records suggest that ducks mainly use those within wet tussock grasslands in the lowland, coastal areas: recent observations confirm this. Reduced primary productivity on plateau wetlands may result in minimal secondary production of foods in a relatively harsh environment, one where nesting cover has been degraded by introduced rabbits and where predatory skuas are prevalent. Ducks, including hybrids between grey duck and the alien mallard, used Square Lake and Duck Lagoon for feeding and resting, although their rate of feeding was higher at Square Lake. Broods were recorded only at Duck Lagoon, where Poa foliosa provides extensive cover. Introgression on Macquarie Island has occurred unsupported by local liberations, distant from human activity, and has implications for the gene pool of grey duck elsewhere.
Four surveys for kokako were conducted in the Hunua Range between November 1986 and May 1988, by playing tapes of the local song dialect. Three of the four surveys were done in conjunction with the Auckland and South Auckland branches of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Forty kokako were recorded, of which 12 were definitely in pairs, one was a definite juvenile and another a possible juvenile. Some of the remaining 26 were likely to have been paired. Thirty-eight birds were recorded in tawa-podocarp forest and two in adjacent second-growth scrub. The 40 birds ranged in altitude between 300 and 660 m ad. with an average of 490 m. They were distributed in the following catchments: Mangatangi (20 birds), Mangatawi (12), Orere (5), Tapapakanga (2) and Hauarahi (1). Most records were of birds heard rather than seen, and tape responses were low compared with those in surveys elsewhere. Comparisons are made with past surveys and survey techniques, and the discussion includes options for forest management in the Hunua Range.
The osteology of the New Zealand genera Mohoua and Finschia shows that they are definitely not referable to the Pachycephalinae or any other group within the corvine assemblage. This is in contrast to Sibley and Ahlquist’s original interpretation of their DNA-DNA hybridization studies and supports a recent reanalysis of that data by critics, who concluded that these genera belong among the “Passerida”. Within that group, the relationships of Finschia and Mohoua remain uncertain. No osteological basis could be found for continuing to separate the genus Finschia from Mohoua. The three species in the expanded genus Mohoua show increasing specialization for use of the hindlimb in foraging and in order of most primitive to most derived should be listed as M. novaeseelandiae, M. albicilla, and M. ochrocephala. The last two species are very distinct from one another osteologically and are not to be regarded as subspecies of a single species.
Between April 1985 and March 1987, standardised shipboard censuses were conducted during 23 monthly transects from shore to well beyond the continental shelf. The average transect distance was 66 km and maximum depth 4200 m. Twelve (probably 13) species and 231 1 birds were recorded. Regular petrels (listed in descending percentage abundance) had zonal and seasonal distributions as follows: Pterodroma macroptera (50%), pelagic, spring and summer; P. solandri (24%), pelagic, autumn, winter and spring; Daption capense (16%), neritic, winter and spring; Macronectes spp. (5%), marginally neritic, winter and spring; small Pterodroma spp. (“Cookilaria”) (4%), pelagic, summer and autumn; P. lessonii (1%), pelagic, autumn, winter and spring. Petrels rarely observed were Fulmarus glacialoides (1), Pterodroma neglecta (3), Procellaria parkinsoni (4) and Pseudobulweria rostrata (1). Temperature preferences, morphological characters, behaviour and breeding status are discussed. The 200 + “Cookilaria” observed during two cruises in April 1985 may have been associated with a slope-water intrusion generated by the East Australian Current.
Mixed-species flocks of insectivorous birds were investigated at Kowhai Bush, Kaikoura, in monthly transect counts between July 1986 and June 1988. Four native species (brown creeper, silvereye, grey warbler and fantail) and two introduced species (chaffinch and redpoll) foraged in mixed flocks. Brown creepers and silvereyes appeared to behave as nuclear species by determining the direction of movement of mixed flocks. Mixed flocks were found throughout the day. The mean number of species per flock was 2.5 and the mean number of birds in flocks was 8.5. Mixed flocks were seasonal with none encountered during the main breeding period (Sep-Dec).
We give weights and measurements of 16 species of birds mist-netted in forest on Little Barrier Island, including 67 whiteheads (Mohoua albicilla) and 111 stitchbirds (Notiomystis cincta). The following criteria for distinguishing sexes were established. Female whiteheads weighed up to 15.9 g and males weighed 16.1 g or more. Most female stitchbirds had wings up to 92 mm long and most males had wings 95 mm or longer. Incidental observations of moult, ectoparasites and movements are recorded.
The feeding behaviour of New Zealand kingfishers (Halcyon sancta vagans) overwintering at Brooklands Lagoon, a coastal North Canterbury estuary, is described. Kingfishers watched for crabs from perches on or near the mudflats and caught crabs on 96% of dives. Kingfishers then battered them against a perch; parts of the crabs such as the chelae were knocked off in the process. Fallen chelae (n = 225) provided information about species, size and sex of crabs taken. Crabs were collected in mud samples from 10 sites to compare the size, sex and species of crabs present on the mudflats with those taken by kingfishers. Kingfishers fed only on the mud crab Helice crassa, which was the most abundant crab species on the mudflats. Male crabs and large crabs were taken more often proportionally than they were in the
mud samples.
The distribution of banded rails and marsh crakes in coastal Nelson, Buller and the Marlborough Sounds was surveyed between October 1980 and December 1982. Banded rails and marsh crakes were found only in saltmarshes in Nelson and the Marlborough Sounds, though marsh crakes were difficult to detect and could have been more widespread. Banded rails were found only in saltmarshes with a freshwater supply with stands of sea rush and mixed stands of jointed rush and marsh ribbonwood. The Nelson-Marlborough banded rail population consisted of about 100 breeding pairs and is isolated from the banded rail populations further north and south.